Application of differential calculus in medicine

Solid mineral mass which forms in a bodily organ or duct

For other uses, see Calculus (disambiguation).

Medical condition

A calculus (pl.: calculi), often called a stone, is a concretion of material, usually mineral salts, that forms in an organ or duct of the body.

Formation of calculi is known as lithiasis (). Stones can cause a number of medical conditions.

Some common principles (below) apply to stones at any location, but for specifics see the particular stone type in question.

Calculi are not to be confused with gastroliths, which are ingested rather than grown endogenously.

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Types

Calculi are usually asymptomatic, and large calculi may have required many years to grow to their large size.

Cause

In kidney stones, calcium oxalate is the most common mineral type (see nephrolithiasis).

Uric acid is the second most common mineral type, but an in vitro study showed uric acid stones and crystals can promote the formation of calcium oxalate stones.^[1]

Pathophysiology

Stones can cause disease by sev

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